Geography: Pennsylvania

Birth certificate for a child of Jacob Crefsmans and wife Maren Morgarethe, filled in and signed in Hebrew (Yiddish) by Martin Wetzler. The document, printed in German, also includes a note indicating a marriage on October 28th, 1849. The document features a Jewish star and is written in Hebrew, German, and English.

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This pamphlet contains the constitution and by-laws of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of Memphis, Tennessee, instituted September 1st, 1850. This copy belonged to Reverend Isaac Leeser and represents the earliest organized Jewish association in Tennessee. The document details the society's structure, rules, and objectives, offering insight into the early development of Jewish communal life in Memphis.

Credit bill from Stern & Rothstein, makers of the Lord Baltimore brand of Young Men's, Boys, and Juvenile Clothing. Located at 311 & 313 Baltimore Street, and 308 & 310 W. German Street, Baltimore, Maryland. The bill is dated October 18, 1912 and was issued to J.W. Olweiler. The billhead features an illustration of three children, a decorative border, and ornate Victorian-style lettering.

Billhead from Sauls Brothers, manufacturers of Sauls' Automatic Ice Can Filler, located in Columbus, Georgia. Dated March 18, 1903. The bill is made out to Pittsburg Brewing Company of Mt. Pleasant, Pennsylvania. It lists an item purchased for 600 dollars, likely the 2-1 1/4 foot valves for the ice can filler. The billhead has a printed header with bold text and a company logo, along with a list of services and products provided by the company. The billhead states that Sauls Brothers manufactures largely, and can always ship promptly and guarantee satisfaction. The bill is signed by a representative of the company, and the payment is noted as paid on 4/1/1903.

Envelope addressed to Isaac Levy at 221 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope shows an 1883 rubber stamp advertisement for Levy's business. The return address is partially visible, indicating it was mailed from Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

An envelope featuring an advertisement for Kohn & Adler, a business located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The envelope is dated January 27, 1890. The envelope also mentions Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

Advertising envelope from Moses Ulman's Sons, a business in Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The envelope, dated October 1, 1889, features an image of their storefront. It was addressed to S. H. & H. Chapman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

An advertising envelope for Louis Ash & Co., Commonwealth Cigar Factory. The envelope features a logo depicting a shield and an Indian. Dated October 11, 1880.

An advertising envelope from L. & S. Sternberger, dated October 28, 1884. The envelope lists two addresses: 503 Market Street and 530 (address incomplete). The envelope advertised clothing and was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Envelope addressed to J. C. Hecker in Dallastown, Pennsylvania from Aram, Trautman & Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, dated November 29, 1893. The envelope features advertising for "The Big Four Cigar Factory," located at 94 and 96 Sycamore Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. A picture of their trademark, a shield, is included on the envelope. The envelope contains a letter (not transcribed here).

An envelope advertising Freeman & Wise Manufacturing's overalls and shirts, with a focus on children's waists. The envelope was addressed and mailed from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 4, 1886. The return address includes Pottstown, Pennsylvania.

An envelope addressed to H. J. Miller in New York, New York, postmarked December 29, 1885. The return address is rubber-stamped: Kaufman & Co., 303 Washington St., New York, New York. The envelope displays advertising for Kaufman & Co., suggesting a commercial transaction or correspondence.

Envelope addressed to Henry Beckman in Erie, Pennsylvania, postmarked February 14, 1888. The envelope features an advertisement for Gumpert Bros., a Philadelphia tobacco company with factory and sales office addresses listed.

An envelope addressed to A. D. May in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, postmarked March 19, 1890. The envelope features an advertisement for the Nathan Manufacturing Co., located at 92 & 94 Liberty Street, New York, New York.

An envelope addressed to M. Kistley in Tannersville, Pennsylvania, postmarked April 2, 1890. The envelope features an advertisement for B. Wasserman, established 1871, importer and manufacturer of segars, located at 301 Broadway, New York City.

A broadside letter dated November 4, 1854, from Octavius L. Cohen in Savannah, Georgia, to David S. Brown & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cohen, a cotton merchant, requests business. The broadside portion details cotton market prices and conditions.

A one-page letter written by Isaac Cohn, an oil producer, to Judge J.P. Elkins on March 10, 1910. The letter discusses the necessity of taking over a lease. Cohn's letterhead identifies him as an oil producer and mentions a partnership with Mr. Curtis Elkins of Indiana, Pennsylvania.

A letter written by Herman Katz of 118 Prince Street, New York, New York, to J. B. Mercer in Reading, Pennsylvania, on April 5, 1893. The letter concerns the offer of buttons.

A stampless commercial letter written by H. Tobias to C. Tobias on July 18, 1842, concerning business affairs. The letter was sent from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York. The letter is part of the 'Arc.MS.56, Volume A, Page 19' collection.

Two-page letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 8, 1849. Cahn requests that Jacobs & Mayer place a notice in New York and Philadelphia newspapers warning merchants against extending credit to M. Leoney (Marcus Levy), whose business has ceased to exist and whose goods have been seized by Cahn.

A two-and-a-half-page German-language business letter from H. Fuhrman to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 12, 1847. The letter details business matters and includes a list of merchandise totaling over 1700 dollars. The letter was sent from Delphi, Indiana.

A one-and-a-half-page stampless letter written in German from Isaac Mayer to Lazarus Mayer, care of Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Dated March 22, 1848, the letter discusses business matters, specifically mentioning spools and steel. Related correspondence includes items 20.512, 20.518, and others detailing communications among Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer. A later notation on the letter suggests a date of March 29, 1849.

A one-half page commercial letter from A. Cahn to Jacobs & Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 29, 1849. The letter discusses business matters, including the enclosure of $100 and reference to a previous $1000 payment. The letter was sent from Grenada, Mississippi, to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A one-page, stampless letter written in German from A. Cahn in Grenada, Mississippi, to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on April 8, 1848. The letter discusses business matters and references a draft on Gans & Shoneman in Philadelphia. Similar correspondence can be found in files 20.512 and 20.517.

A one-half page commercial letter, written in English, from H. Fuhrman & Co. in Delphi, Indiana to Jacobs Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 18, 1848. The letter discusses business matters, including a draft for $1000 to James Speas at Tweedy & Coulter in New York. It is part of a series of correspondence between Jewish merchants and Jacobs & Mayer (located at 215 1/2 Market Street, Philadelphia).

Shipping record from David Cox to Hendricks & Brothers, documenting a shipment between Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York on December 8, 1849. The record, written on a stampless letter, includes the H&B mark and an additional letter.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped by R. & I. Phillips, Jewish merchants of Philadelphia, to Baltimore, Maryland on March 13, 1827. The record is signed by Samuel Etting, who is noted as having been wounded in the War of 1812 and as the first president of Baltimore's Congregation Beth Israel.

Shipping record documenting goods shipped from Samuel Moss & Sons in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to J. Kohn & Bordier in New Orleans, Louisiana on May 30, 1832. The record is signed by Joachim Kohn, agent for Samuel Moss & Sons. The document includes details about the shipment and is marked with the "M" mark of Samuel Moss & Sons.

Shipping record documenting the arrival of goods at St. Thomas, Virgin Islands on October 11, 1833. The document includes the signatures of Adolphus Millier, J. A. Picolet, and Nathan Levy, who served as the American Consul on St. Thomas from 1818-1836. Levy's signature appears twice on a certificate of landing.

This document is a receipt for a promissory note. Moses Myers, a prominent Jewish merchant-shipper, issued a note payable to E. Dulith & Wachsmuth of Philadelphia for $5000, payable in 60 days. The receipt is dated November 25, 1794, and was written in Norfolk, Virginia. The document is entirely in Myers' hand.

Manifest detailing the cargo (silk handkerchiefs) from Canton to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with duties, bonded by the Etting brothers on March 10, 1827. The document originates from Baltimore, Maryland.

A commercial letter written by H. Marx in New York City to Jacob & Meyer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 12, 1849. The letter mentions Jacob L. Seixas in New York City.

Envelope addressed to R. H. Goldberg in Rogersville, Pennsylvania, postmarked July 29, 1897. The letterhead features a lithograph of a fancy dress shoe.

A one-page letter written by Abraham De Young, President of a newly formed congregation in Lafayette, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser on November 9, 1849. The letter announces the congregation's new rented temple and lists its officers: Jacob Meyer (VP), H. Asher (VP), Benjamin Goldenberg (Trustee), B. Frank (Trustee), Julius Sayer (Secretary), and N. Grunsburger (Treasurer). An excerpt from a later Occident article provides an update on the congregation's status and membership.

Official civil marriage certificate for Julius Kann and Arnoldine Cohen, issued in York, Pennsylvania on November 12, 1851. The groom is noted as being from Baltimore, Maryland. The document is notarized by a Justice of the Peace.

Official document, signed twice by Abraham Nones (1794-1835), attesting to the oath of principal officers of the U.S.A. schooner "The Good Friends" of Philadelphia. The document includes a consular seal and dates from September 15, 1826, Maracaibo, Columbia. Additional dates mentioned are July 19, 1826, and July 27, 1826, and possibly relate to other legal proceedings connected to this vessel.

Draught of a deed for two tracts of land owned by Barnard Gratz and Joseph Simon, surveyed by order of Col. George Croghan. The deed includes a diagram of the land located on Raccoon Creek, Pennsylvania, dated 1771.

Deed conveying land from Peter and Patrick Levy to Joseph Thomas in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 8, 1794. The deed describes the land sold as adjoining land granted to Patrick Levy on September 22, 1794. This is one of nine contiguous documents.

Deed signed by Moses Levy and witnessed by Thomas Mifflin and Daniel Brodhead, concerning a land transaction in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 4, 1794. The deed notes Levy's parentage and religious upbringing.

Deed from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to Moses Levy for 1000 acres of Indian land east of the Allegheny River. Document number 5079, signed by Thomas Mifflin. Dated February 4, 1794, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Sheepskin deed dated September 8, 1749, documenting the sale of land by Joseph Simons to John Lowry in Donegal Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. This document is significant as it represents one of the earliest known commercial transactions involving Joseph Simons, an early Jewish settler in Lancaster County.

Letter dated April 2, 1839, from the Baltimore Police to the Mayor of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, informing him of the arrest of Henry Kobler Musselman and Lewis Wilman, suspected murderers of a Jewish peddler. The letter requests further information from Lancaster for the suspects' final commitment. The event generated sufficient interest to warrant a pamphlet account of the trial printed in Lancaster in 1839. Lazarus Zellerbach, a Pittsburgh resident and one of five known Jews in Pittsburgh in 1839, is mentioned.

Four-page letter written by J. B. Levy from the Camp of the 16th Pennsylvania Infantry on October 25, 1864. Levy discusses the Civil War, the upcoming presidential election, and expresses his religious beliefs, stating his firm belief that God's hand is in the conflict. The letter provides insights into the experiences and perspectives of a soldier during the Civil War.

A one-page letter dated January 5, 1855, from Moses Cohen Mordecai in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mordecai declines Leeser's request for financial assistance for Reinah Judah, citing family obligations and questioning the extent of Judah's need. This letter provides insight into the personal and financial circumstances of various individuals within the Jewish community in the mid-19th century United States.

Two-page letter written by Isidor Bush on January 6, 1851, from St. Louis, Missouri, to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bush details his financial struggles and despair after his business failed in New York City. A second, German-language letter to Dormitzer in New York City is also included, discussing debts and a request to reinstate a subscription to *The Occident*.

Autograph letter from P. Levi to Isaac Leeser, dated January 7, 1840. Written from New York, New York, the letter requests the return of letters previously sent to Leeser. The letter is sent via unstamped cover.

Three-page letter dated October 1, 1850, from Rabbi M. N. Nathan and Gershom Kursheedt in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Rabbi Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the contract between K.K. Beni Israel and Rabbi Nathan, expresses indignation at Leeser's treatment by Mikveh Israel Congregation, and offers advice regarding Leeser's future.

A one-page letter written by Solomon Nunes Carvalho to Isaac Leeser on October 15, 1851, from Charleston, South Carolina. Carvalho details his incapacitation due to a boil, apologizes for delayed correspondence, relays a book order, and concludes due to his illness. This letter is one of five in the collection showcasing the correspondence between these two prominent figures in the American Jewish community.

Two-page letter dated October 18, 1850, from Jacob Ezekiel in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ezekiel requests Leeser's assistance in amending or repealing Virginia laws that infringe upon Jewish rights. Ezekiel, a Richmond merchant, later became the first secretary of Hebrew Union College. He is the father of sculptor Moses Ezekiel.

Four-page letter written by A. Englander of Congregation Emanu-El in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on October 20, 1860. The letter details Dr. Elkan Cohn's inaugural sermons, discusses internal congregational debates, notes the growth of Jewish communities in California, and includes a postscript mentioning Isaac Wise. The letter provides valuable insight into the early history of Congregation Emanu-El and the development of Reform Judaism in San Francisco.

Five-page letter dated October 24, 1865, from Henry Illowy in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Illowy, the seventeen-year-old son of Rabbi Henry Illowy, rebukes Leeser for his criticism of his father and accuses Leeser of playing politics between Reform and Orthodox factions within American Judaism to maintain his position. The letter reveals tensions within American Judaism during this period.

A five-page letter dated June 28, 1865, from Joseph Jacobsohn in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details the takeover of the Congregation Schaarey Chased synagogue by German young men from the North, their establishment of a Reform temple, and the subsequent resignation of Rabbi Bernard Illowy. It provides a firsthand account of the development of the post-Civil War Reform movement in New Orleans and the conflict between Orthodox and Reform Judaism.

Two-page letter written by Robert Lyon in New York to Rev. Sabato Morais, rabbi of Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, on October 26, 1858. Lyon requests literary assistance from Morais. Lyon was a publisher of the *Asmonian* and editor of the *Mercantile Journal*.

Three-page letter written by J. R. Hershorn to Isaac Leeser on October 4, 1858, from Providence, Rhode Island, detailing a surprise celebration for the retirement of Solomon Pareira, president and founder of the Sons of Israel and David. Hershorn describes the goblet presented to Pareira and includes the text of Pareira's retirement address. The letter also mentions numerous other individuals.

A 1 ¼ page letter written by L. Jarodawski of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 11, 1852. Jarodawski describes the illness and impending death of Mr. Levy, who had traveled to Pittsburgh from Philadelphia. He appeals to Leeser to mediate with Mr. Levy's brother, Tobias, concerning the financial burden placed on Pittsburgh's small Jewish community (30 families) by Mr. Levy's illness and inability to pay.

Four-page letter from Isaac Hart in New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 26, 1856. Hart expresses sympathy for Leeser's lack of appreciation and discusses the growing influence of other Jewish publications. This letter provides insight into the personal challenges faced by Leeser and the development of Jewish life in New Orleans.

Two-page letter (in German with translation) from Dr. A. Gunzburg to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on November 28, 1853, Gunzburg offers to supply an article for Leeser and discusses the possibility of selling books at Leeser's Hebrew school. The letter references both Baltimore and Philadelphia.

Letter from Nathaniel Levin in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 3, 1852. Levin forwards a charity sermon by Rev. Solomon Jacobs for printing and discusses a potential reunion with the reformed congregation. Levin was the government inspector of imports and later wrote the history of Temple Beth Elohim.

A letter written by David Judah to Isaac Leeser on November 4, 1847, discussing the distribution of books, the financial affairs of the Occident, the prospects of a Mr. Block, and the recent death of Grace Aguilar. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A two-page letter written by Henry Myers, secretary of the United Hebrew Congregation of St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 6, 1849. The letter details the significant growth of the congregation, noting attendance at High Holidays and praising their new Hazzan, Nathan Davidson. This letter was subsequently published in *The Occident* (Vol. VII, No. 9, Kislev 5610, December 1849).

A one-page letter written in German (with an English translation) from Jonas Goldsmith in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on November 7, 1861. Goldsmith requests a subscription at half price, referencing a similar offer made by Dr. Wise to educators.

A one-page letter dated December 13, 1830, from David Judah and Zalma Rehine in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Judah discusses closing his castor oil business and requests Leeser to inform Solomon Levy. Rehine's note mentions unfavorable business dealings with Mr. Jacobs and sends greetings to the Pixiotto family. The letter offers insight into Jewish commercial activities and challenges in the early 19th century. Additional notes discuss the context of this letter within a larger collection of correspondence between Leeser and Judah and Rehine, highlighting a significant gap in their communication and suggesting family connections. The description also includes information about Zalma Rehine's role in the Baltimore Jewish community and a reference to an advertisement from the Richmond Enquirer (July 5, 1822) featuring a Jewish-owned business.

Letter from S. Baroway, agent for the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, to Louis Levy in Philadelphia. Dated December 14, 1892, the letter responds to Levy's request for the number of Jewish immigrants who arrived in Baltimore in September, October, and November 1892. The letter is written on the letterhead of the Baltimore Committee of the Baron de Hirsch Fund, located at 1208 East Baltimore Street. Levy's address is given as S.E. Corner 7th & Chestnut St., Philadelphia.

A one-page letter written by Jacob Leeser to his brother, Isaac Leeser, in Baltimore, Maryland on December 29, 1833. The letter discusses family and friends, including a mention of Miss Cozen, Isaac's housekeeper. This letter is notable for its rarity, as Jacob Leeser's correspondence is scarce.

An invitation letter, dated February 14, 1851, from Henry Goldsmith to Isaac Leeser, inviting him to attend the laying of the cornerstone of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun in New York City on February 25, 1851, at 2:00 PM.

Two-page letter written by Isaac Hart in Detroit, Michigan to Isaac Leeser on February 14, 1867. Hart explains his reasons for not joining a congregation in Detroit after two years of residence and describes a 45-member social club he has formed. The letter is written on the letterhead of D. J. Workum, purveyor of hats, caps, and men's furnishing goods.

Three-page letter from Jesse Joseph in Montreal, Canada, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 17, 1848. Joseph offers business advice, comments on the Canadian economy and social scene, and critiques Jewish institutions in Montreal.

Letter from Simeon N. Leo, an insurance, note, and exchange broker in New York City, to Isaac Leeser, editor of The Occident, in Philadelphia. Dated February 8, 1864, the letter includes a ticket to a fundraiser at Niblo's Saloon to benefit an asylum for aged and infirm Jews. Leo requests a free advertisement in The Occident for the event.

A three-page letter written by Samuel Janison of Savannah, Georgia, to Louis E. Levy, President of the Jewish Immigration Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 12, 1890. Janison proposes the sale of land in Georgia for the establishment of a Jewish farming colony.

Two-page letter from Morris J. Raphall (1798-1868) to Isaac Leeser, dated March 16, 1854. Written from New York City, the letter discusses Raphall's translation for publication in *The Occident*, his use of "you" vs. "thou," and his decision to postpone including material about Judah Touro (who died January 13, 1854). Raphall also requests a proof before publication.

Four-page letter written by Abraham Cohen Labatt of San Francisco, California, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 16, 1854. Labatt details the growth of San Francisco's Jewish community, its need for a rabbi, and the fundraising efforts for a new synagogue building. The letter provides valuable insight into the early development of Jewish life in San Francisco.

A one and one-half page letter written by Jacob De la Motta Jr. in Savannah, Georgia, on March 19, 1837, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. De la Motta expresses his admiration for Leeser's work on behalf of Judaism and acknowledges the receipt of books.

Two-page letter from Jesse Joseph in Montreal, Quebec, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 19, 1848. Joseph discusses personal matters, including a potential romantic relationship, and mentions a recent marriage within the Solomon family. The letter provides insight into the personal life of Jesse Joseph, contrasting with his public image as a lifelong bachelor.

Three-page letter written by A. Bloch in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 2, 1833. The letter details personal matters, including family health and the writer's sorrow at being separated from his mother and friends in Bohemia. It suggests a pre-existing friendship between Bloch and Leeser from Bohemia. This letter is considered to be the earliest extant Jewish immigrant letter from Ohio.

A one-page letter dated April 13, 1857, from A. Wormser and B. Shuman in Providence, Rhode Island, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The writers, officers of a Providence congregation, inquire about the availability of funds from the Judah Touro trust to aid in building a synagogue in Providence.

Autograph letter signed from David Judah to Isaac Leeser, written in Baltimore, Maryland on April 20, 1830. The letter discusses the poor health of Zalma Rehine and suggests a visit. It also mentions events involving Mr. Etting. This letter is part of a larger correspondence between Judah and Leeser spanning from 1826 to 1849.

Five-page letter written by S. Wolff of Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia on April 21, 1848, detailing the suicides of E.L. Andrews in Mobile and his brother Z. Andrews in New Orleans. The letter describes the financial collapse of E.L. Andrews' firm due to the cotton market and the circumstances surrounding the suicides. The letter also mentions societal prejudices against Jews in Mobile.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, on May 1, 1837, from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, discussing family matters, the economic impact of the Panic of 1837 on Jewish businessmen, and business dealings. The letter offers insights into the personal and professional life of Isaac Leeser and the economic climate of the time.

Four-page letter written by Reverend Moses N. Nathan on May 1, 1866, from St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Nathan discusses the status of religious services, the health of his assistant, the progress of Leeser's plans for a college in Philadelphia, the government's indecision regarding public worship, unfilled positions in Southern congregations, and the effects of aging.

One-page letter from Lewis Abraham in Cincinnati, Ohio to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 18, 1847. The letter pertains to business matters related to *The Occident*, a prominent 19th-century American Jewish periodical.

Letter from David Judah in Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 20, 1848. The letter concerns travel arrangements and family matters. This correspondence is part of a larger collection spanning several years, with a notable gap between 1831 and 1848. Judah's involvement in the slave trade is also noted in secondary sources.

Two-page letter written by Levi H. Levingston in Bethania, North Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 25, 1860. Levingston inquires about biblical interpretations and thanks Leeser for previously ordered books. The letter reflects on his impending departure from Bethania at the outset of the Civil War.

Two-page letter written by Solomon Soher from Shougalo, Mississippi, on May 26, 1857, responding to a loan request from Isaac Leeser. Soher declines the request due to his age and health, and the small Jewish community in Shougalo. He also discusses his subscription to the Occident magazine.

A one-page letter dated May 3, 1854, from Moses Ehrlich in Boston, Massachusetts, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the controversy surrounding Judah Touro's bequests and the conflict between recently arrived Eastern European Jews and the German Jewish establishment in Philadelphia. Ehrlich requests Leeser to publish congregational resolutions related to the dispute and to intervene with the estate's executors.

A one-page letter written by Henry Auerbach, Secretary of the United Hebrew Congregation in St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser on May 30, 1864. Auerbach inquires about the qualifications of Henry Vidaver, a former rabbi of Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, for a position in St. Louis.

One-page letter written by Isidor Hochstauber on May 31, 1852, from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hochstauber expresses his strong interest in subscribing to *The Occident*, a periodical he had received from Solomon Jacob Spiegelberg. This letter is notable for its connection to early Jewish settlement in Santa Fe.

A 1 ¼ page letter written by David Judah in Richmond, Virginia, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 5, 1830. Judah offers advice to Leeser, who recently assumed his position at Mikveh Israel, cautioning him against overly critical behavior. The letter also includes local news, mentioning the closure of Leeser's uncle's store and the success of Sam Etting. Further correspondence between the two men is noted from 1826-1831 and 1848-1849, with a significant gap in between. David Judah is identified as a leading member of the Richmond Synagogue and a merchant, and also as an auctioneer who dealt in slaves.

Autograph letter signed by Solomon Etting to Michael Gratz, dated May 7, 1787. Written from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, the letter discusses family matters, finances, and a planned visit by Shinah Simon. The letter is two pages long.

This letter, dated August 8, 1848, is from John Belton O'Neall, Chief Justice of the South Carolina Court, to Isaac Leeser, editor of *The Occident*, in Philadelphia. O'Neall addresses concerns raised by the Jewish community regarding his opinion in the case *City Council vs. Benjamin*. This case involved alleged slander by the Charleston city council and revolved around the interpretation and application of the 'Blue Laws'. O'Neall defends his statement that he knows "no other standard of good morals" than Christianity, clarifying that this reference encompassed the entirety of the Bible, not just the New Testament. The letter demonstrates the intersection of legal proceedings, religious interpretations, and social prejudices against the Jewish community in 19th-century America.

A one and one-half page letter dated June 14, 1849, from O. W. Daurt in Curaçao, Dutch West Indies, to Isaac Leeser. The letter contains news about various Jews in Curaçao, including updates on the Sunday school.

Two-page letter dated June 22, 1843, from W. B. Simmons in St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Simmons discusses difficulties receiving copies of *The Occident*, the appointment of Mr. Carillon as minister, and recent Reform changes within the Jewish community. He describes a dream of meeting Leeser and being awakened by an earthquake.

A four-page letter written by H. Lowenthal to Isaac Leeser on June 24, 1857, from Lafayette, Indiana. The letter contains a series of questions concerning philosophical, theological, and ritual slaughter practices. Lowenthal expresses urgency for a prompt response from Leeser.

A letter written by S. Valentine to Reverend Isaac Leeser from Charleston, South Carolina, on June 3, 1857. The letter forwards a preamble and resolutions, and includes a personal note expressing the writer's hope to see Leeser soon and conveying the family's wishes to be remembered.

One and a half page letter dated June 3, 1864, from Sir Moses Montefiore in Ramsgate, England, to Rabbi Sabato Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Montefiore expresses gratitude for Morais's note commending his efforts with the Sultan of Morocco on behalf of oppressed Jews. The letter is written by a secretary and signed by Montefiore.

A one-page letter written by S. Valentine, Secretary of the Shearith Israel Congregation in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on June 6, 1854. Valentine discusses the conflict between Orthodox and Reform Jews in Charleston, noting the ridicule faced by Orthodox congregations but highlighting the flourishing state of Shearith Israel. He encloses the proceedings of the congregation (not included in this archival item).

Two-page letter written by W. B. Simmons of St. Thomas, Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 19, 1844. Simmons details the recent death of his wife, discusses challenges within the St. Thomas Jewish community, including the dismissal of the Hazan, Mr. Carrillon, and mentions book and newspaper matters.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to his uncle, Zalma Rehine, in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 20, 1837. The letter details the financial aspects of Leeser's book publishing ventures and discusses his concerns regarding his upcoming re-election to a congregational position.

Two-page letter written by Raphael J. De Cordova in New York, New York, to Rabbi Sabato Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 6, 1860. De Cordova seeks Morais's advice on transitioning his public lectures from humorous to serious topics focusing on the condition of Jews in civilized countries, specifically requesting input on the situation of Jews in Italy.

A one-page letter written by M. M. Davis of New York, New York, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 9, 1866. Davis requests Leeser's assistance in finding a Catholic orphanage in Philadelphia to train a young girl in domestic service, citing Leeser's extensive connections with charitable institutions. He also inquires about Leeser's health. The letter includes a few lines of response in Leeser's handwriting.

Autograph letter signed by Samuel Judah to Isaac Leeser, dated August 12, 1856. Written from Vincennes, Indiana, the letter discusses Karaite Judaism, a book from London on the subject, and an order for a book with specific binding instructions.

Two-page letter written by Henry Illowy in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 21, 1865. Illowy discusses his father's departure as rabbi in New Orleans and includes a commentary on the unsuccessful candidacy of Mr. Wechsler for the ministerial position.

This letter, dated August 26, 1851, was written by D. Lilienthal to Isaac Leeser from New York, New York. Lilienthal asks Leeser to help secure a teaching position for Dr. Zimmerman in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, referencing Leeser's previous assistance to Dr. Schwess. The letter highlights the network of support within the Jewish community at the time.

One-page letter from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, dated August 3, 1831, written from Baltimore, Maryland. Rehine describes his illness, inquires about Leeser's health, and suggests Leeser visit him in Baltimore for recuperation.

Letter from Raphael J. De Cordova to Sabato Morais discussing Morais' input on Jews in Italy and his upcoming lecture on the massacre of Jews in Syria. Written in New York and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 3, 1860.

A letter dated August 9, 1866, from Mr. Haart of Trenton, New Jersey, to Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Haart apologizes for an incident involving Leeser's mentally unbalanced son and requests Leeser to discipline and send the son home if he returns.

One-page letter dated September 17, 1850, from Robert Lyon, publisher of The Asmonean, in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. The letter discusses an editorial in The Occident that attacked Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and his Albany congregation, and Lyon seeks Leeser's help in absolving him of responsibility for the editorial. The letter quotes verbatim from the editorial.

Autograph letter signed by J. Mendelsohn to Sabato Morais, written in Wilmington, North Carolina on September 5, 1880, and addressed to Morais in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter expresses a New Year's greeting.

A two-page letter written by Isaac Leeser in New York City to S. Wolff in Philadelphia on September 7, 1851. Leeser discusses his book business and lecture tour, including a cancelled booking in Syracuse and his plans to travel to Boston and other cities.

Letter written by B. F. Peixotto in Cleveland, Ohio to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 30, 1865. The letter discusses Bnai Brith and lodge donations. It is written on the stationery of Davis, Peixotto & Co., located at 3 & 5 Water Streets. The envelope includes a printed return address for B. F. Peixotto, Cor. Sec., Cleveland Library Association.

Two-page letter dated April 1, 1878, from Jacob Ezekiel, Secretary of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses plans for a preparatory school for the Hebrew Union College in Philadelphia and the effort to establish a National Union of Congregations. The letter is written on Ezekiel & Co. stationery.

Two-page letter written on May 8, 1878, by Jacob Ezekiel, Secretary of the Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Rabbi Sabato Morais of Mikveh Israel Congregation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns efforts to establish a national union of congregations, with Mikveh Israel's refusal to join. Ezekiel requests Morais' continued participation in the upcoming annual student examinations in June, despite Mikveh Israel's decision. The letter is written on official Hebrew Union College stationery and enclosed in an official envelope.

Four-page letter (8" x 9.5") written circa 1835 by Divina Cohen Minis (1787-1874) and Phillipa Minis in Savannah, Georgia, to Sarah Ann Minis Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses personal matters and mentions Captain Uriah P. Levy and the death of Gratz. Phillipa's portion is written diagonally over her mother's script. The letter's address in Philadelphia was the corner of Sansome and 8th Streets.

Autograph letter signed from Louis M. Slutsky to Isaac Leeser, written in Buffalo, New York on December 17, 1853. Slutsky expresses his interest in translation work and seeks employment opportunities.

A one-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland, on January 15, 1833, to Isaac and Jacob Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter offers advice and encouragement to Jacob, who had recently immigrated to America, urging him to learn English and conduct himself well in business. It also mentions potential business contacts for Jacob. This letter provides insight into family relationships and the experiences of early Jewish immigrants in the United States.

A half-page letter written in German by David Lilienthal in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on January 29, 1847. Lilienthal mentions a sermon he delivered in Augusta, a translation of which (likely by his brother Max) has been sent separately.

A one-page letter from A. J. Peixotto to Rabbi Isaac Leeser, dated January 7, 1849, written in Kingston, Jamaica. Peixotto discusses selling books, mentions financial difficulties in Jamaica, and references several individuals.

A one-page letter written by Daniel Wolff from New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on October 28, 1849. The letter announces the establishment of the Hebrew Benevolent Society of New Orleans and lists its officers.

A one-page letter written by Baruch M. Emanuel, Hazan and Schochet of Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser on October 21, 1852. Emanuel writes about the death of Rev. A. Ansel, who died in Mobile after falling ill following a circumcision. He mentions sending Ansel's instruments to his child in Buffalo.

Two-page letter from S.M. Daurt in Curaçao to Reverend Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 26, 1848. Daurt discusses community news and expresses concerns about the size of books published by Leeser, suggesting they be made smaller for easier handling, particularly by young girls. He also mentions complaints about Leeser's agent in New York City.

A three-page letter from T. Levin to Isaac Leeser, dated October 7, 1852, providing an update on the progress of Congregation Chevra Cheneses Shalom in Syracuse, New York, one month after its consecration by Leeser. The letter details the success of the High Holidays services, the election of Isaac H. Bronner as president, and the efforts to retain Rev. H. A. Henry as minister. The letter also reflects the growing Reform movement within the congregation by 1861.

Autograph letter signed by M. Markwell to Isaac Leeser, dated October 9, 1851, from Berlin, Wisconsin. Markwell describes the challenges of maintaining religious practice in the sparsely populated area and mentions a small gathering of Jews for the Day of Atonement.

One-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser on November 13, 1835. The letter discusses an Etting wedding, Philip Cohen's positive reaction to one of Leeser's discourses, and other personal and communal matters.

A one-page letter written by B. M. Emanuel in Evergreen, Alabama, on November 12, 1844, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Emanuel requests prayer books for himself and other Jews in Claiborne, Alabama (Levy, Meirs, Rothschild, and Hirshfeld). This letter offers insight into the challenges faced by Jews in maintaining religious connections in small Southern towns.

One-page letter from M. N. Nathan to Isaac Leeser written in London, England on November 21, 1854. Nathan describes an emergency visit due to the death of his sister's husband, leaving him to care for the widow and three children. He sends regards to Rebecca Gratz. This letter is one of six in the collection from Nathan to Leeser.

Letter written by G. Myers to Isaac Leeser on December 13, 1848, concerning subscriptions. The letter was written from Montgomery, Alabama, and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed by Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser. Written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 19, 1836, the letter concerns business matters. The letter was sent to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

A one-page letter dated December 6, 1848, from J. Myer in Montgomery, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the election of officers and the rental of a synagogue in Montgomery. Signatories include P. Krans (VP), Emanuel Lehman (Secretary), Henry Weil (Treasurer), M. Englander (Trustee), and Charles Levy (Trustee). This letter pertains to the establishment of the first synagogue in Montgomery, Alabama, initially organized as the Orthodox Congregation Kahl Montgomery.

A three-page letter written by E. Pyke from Kingston, Jamaica to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on February 16, 1847. The letter details Jewish institutional matters in Jamaica, family events, and lists subscribers to *The Occident*.

A one and a half page letter written in German (with English translation) from Isidor Bush in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 16, 1849. Bush apologizes to Leeser for starting a competing Jewish weekly newspaper, *Israel's Herald*, expressing concern about its impact on Leeser's *The Occident*. Bush discusses the newspaper's short-lived existence and his subsequent move to St. Louis.

One-page letter from W. B. Simmons in St. Thomas, United States Virgin Islands, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated February 3, 1848. Simmons discusses ordering matzos and themurim from James Henry in New York City and the sale of Leeser's books. A postscript mentions Charleston's interest in obtaining books.

A five-page letter written in German by Rabbi Bernard Henry Gotthelf of Louisville, Kentucky, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on March 20, 1850. The letter details Gotthelf's experiences and observations about his congregation, including the size of the student body at the local school (80-100 students), the religious observance of the community (many stores closed on Sabbath), and the composition of the congregational board. A full English translation is included.

A letter written by Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise of Albany, New York to Rabbi Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on March 22, 1850. The letter discusses Wise's opinions on Dr. Raphael, a figure involved in a debate with Reverend Pozanski in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter offers insight into the diverging views of Wise and Leeser, foreshadowing their later falling out.

Two-page letter dated April 11, 1853, from Isaac Hart in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the election of new trustees for the Shanarai-Chasset Congregation, financial contributions from Mr. Block of Washington, Arkansas, the vacancy of a minister in the Portuguese Congregation, and a gift presented to Mr. Marks. Hart also mentions his reluctance to accept further office within the congregation.

A one-page letter from A. J. Satz in St. Louis, Missouri, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated April 8, 1851. Satz requests a detailed list of subscribers for the purpose of collection.

A two-page letter written in German from B. Wurmser in Boston, Massachusetts to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on May 15, 1848. The letter discusses the election of officers for the first congregation in Boston (established 1844), the proposed introduction of a three-year cycle in religious observance, the progress of a religious school, and the activities of the Ladies Hebrew Benevolent Society.

A two-page personal letter written by Mrs. A. Bloch to Isaac Leeser on May 22, 1835. The letter was written from Baltimore, Maryland, and discusses Mrs. Bloch's feelings about not hearing from Leeser, her family life, and her sadness related to a recent loss in Leeser's family. It offers insight into Leeser's relationships with friends who had immigrated from Europe to the United States.

Autograph letter from Jacob De la Motta to Isaac Leeser discussing the publicity for De la Motta's recently published book, *Instruction in the Mosaic Religion*, and expressing regret over the illness of Etting. The letter was written in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and sent to Charleston, South Carolina on May 27, 1830.

A one and one-quarter page letter, written in German with a translation, from Isidor Bush in St. Louis, Missouri to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on May 6, 1857. Bush requests Leeser to review an article and includes personal commentary.

One-page letter written by Zalma Rehine from Warrenton, Virginia to his nephew, Isaac Leeser, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 24, 1839. Rehine describes his vacation with his ailing wife at the Barkley Springs resort, detailing the cost and amenities. A sketch is included on the blank page of the letter.

A one and a half page letter dated June 8, 1852, from Lewis Abraham in Cincinnati, Ohio, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Abraham inquires about various synagogue practices in the United States concerning seating charges and ownership, noting the 'thoughtless management' of Jewish legislation on the continent. He mentions forming a committee to consider policy in Cincinnati and plans to contact other religious leaders and laity.

This archival item consists of two letters written to Isaac Leeser on a single sheet. The first letter, dated September 4, 1845, is from Abraham Lewis in Cincinnati, Ohio. The second, more substantial letter, dated September 6, 1845, is from Joseph Jonas, also in Cincinnati, to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Jonas, an English Jew who arrived in Cincinnati in 1817, discusses the challenges of establishing a Jewish Institute in Cincinnati, expressing his disappointment in the 'rude and uneducated' recent German Jewish immigrants. He also mentions charitable contributions made for those affected by the Great Pittsburgh Fire. Jonas's letter further reveals his plea to simplify the content of Leeser's *Occident* magazine to make it more accessible to less educated Jewish readers. This collection offers a rare glimpse into the experiences of early Jewish settlers in the Ohio River Valley and the complexities of the Jewish community in the mid-19th century.

Four-page letter written by Mariam Gratz Hays to Rebecca Gratz on July 1, 1841. Hays writes from Bordentown, New Jersey, to Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses family matters and provides insight into their lives. This unpublished letter was found tipped into Rebecca Gratz's family Bible.

A one-page letter written by Mendes I. Cohen of Baltimore, Maryland to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 22, 1849. Cohen writes on behalf of Rev. S. M. Isaacs of New York City, requesting Leeser to publicize the job search of Rev. Professor David M. Isaacs of Liverpool, England, who was seeking a position in the United States.

A one-page letter written by Henry Labatt in New Orleans, Louisiana to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on August 1, 1848. The letter details Labatt's book business, including a book request from Juda Touro and his 10% commission.

Two-page letter from M. W. (Morris) Strouse, Corresponding Secretary of the newly formed Congregation B'nei B'rith in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to Isaac Leeser. Dated August 14, 1849, the letter outlines the resolutions of the congregation, announces its consecration on August 31, 1849, with Reverend S. M. Isaacs delivering the sermon, and requests the sale of prayer books on commission.

Three-page letter written by Reverend Henry Lowenthal to Isaac Leeser on August 17, 1860, from Macon, Georgia. Lowenthal details his difficulties with Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Israel, describing the mismatch between the congregation's expectations and his own, and his subsequent decision to seek another position. The letter also includes historical information about the founding of Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Israel in Macon.

A three-page letter written by Isaac Leeser to Solomon Nunes Carvalho on August 23, 1852, discussing details of local events and offering advice on handling attacks against Leeser in the *Asmonean*, a Jewish periodical. The letter highlights Leeser's involvement in religious controversies and the support he received from his friends.

A one-page letter written in German (with a provided translation) by Louis Spanier of Albany, New York, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 4, 1850. Spanier expresses his disdain for Rabbi Isaac Mayer Wise and urges Leeser to publicly censure him. The letter foreshadows a contentious event at Beth-El in Albany the following month.

A one and a half page handwritten letter from Reinah (Judah) to Isaac Leeser, dated December 25, 1848, in Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Reinah's financial difficulties, her business selling bitters, and social conditions in Baltimore and Richmond. It also mentions family members, including cousin David, and alludes to Leeser's past kindness.

Printed invitation to the tenth anniversary celebration of the Home for Jewish Widows and Orphans, located at the corner of Jackson and Chippewa Streets in New Orleans, Louisiana. The invitation is hand-addressed to Reverend Isaac Leeser. Published in 1865.

Note payable for 110 pounds sterling, discounted to 88 pounds sterling, issued by Cohen & Isaacs of Richmond, Virginia to Robert Morris on October 25, 1787. The note is docketed on the reverse in Yiddish. Accompanied by a later engraving of Robert Morris.

This trade card advertises Dalsheimer Bros., a shoe merchant with locations in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Camden, New Jersey. The front of the card features a large, central illustration of a shoe. [The back of the card contains a detailed map of the streets where the Dalsheimer Bros. stores are located.] The business address is prominently displayed at the top of the card: 410 MARKET STREET, PHILADELPHIA. WEST & HARTMAN STS. CAMDEN N.J.

This record contains two trade cards. The first card advertises William Loeb & Co., of Providence, Rhode Island. The front of the card features a branch of red and ink roses. The back of this card advertises rings and diamonds made by Loeb & Co. in Providence, Rhode Island. The second card shows an advertisement for Lerch & Rice Co., of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, where the jewelry was for sale. The back of this card is blank.

Trade card advertising rings, diamonds, and gold sold at leading department stores. The card features advertisements for both William Loeb & Co. and Lerch & Rice Co. It is circa 1885 and was likely produced in Providence, Rhode Island.

A die-cut feather-shaped trade card advertising Kaufmann's millinery department. The card features a winter scene with owls and mentions locations in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Paris, France; and London, England. Published in 1892.

A half-page letter dated June 4, 1765, from Moses Michael Hays in New York to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia. Hays requests Gratz forward an enclosed letter (now missing) to Abraham Sarzedas in Charleston, South Carolina, via Isaac DaCosta. The letter also mentions an enclosed letter for Elias Miranda and Hays's wishes for Gratz's upcoming business trip to Curaçao. The cover is addressed to Gratz but notes it is "in favor Mr. Levy."

Autograph letter signed by Isaac Moses to Moses Myers, dated August 8, 1784. Written from New York, New York, the letter discusses business matters, including the shipwreck of the North Britain, family news, and financial concerns. The recipient, Moses Myers, was a merchant in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This letter offers insight into colonial American Jewish life and business practices.

Shipping record from S. I. Isaacs & Soho Copper Co. documenting the shipment of finished copper to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from New York, New York on December 13, 1826. The record provides details of the shipment and is one of two related documents. The Soho Copper Refinery was founded by Hendricks & Isaacs (brother-in-law) in Soho, New Jersey.

Shipping record from S. I. Isaacs & Soho Copper Co. documenting the shipment of finished copper from New York to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on November 17, 1826. The record details the port of entry and is one of two related documents. The Soho Copper Refinery, founded by Hendricks & Isaacs (brother-in-law), was a significant contributor to the early American Industrial Revolution.

Shipping record documenting the shipment of finished copper from Harmon Hendricks in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on May 11, 1826. The record is associated with the Hendricks family's Soho Copper Refinery in New Jersey, a significant contributor to early American industrial development.

Illustrated billhead of Semon Bache & Co., established 1847, located at 443-453 Greenwich Street, New York, New York. The billhead is dated April 24, 1891. It includes correspondence with H. C. Porter & Son of Towanda, Pennsylvania.

Four-page deed of conveyance, dated March 24, 1818, from Solomon Moses to Isaac Moses for $1.00. This legal document transfers property from Solomon to Isaac and his son, Moses Levy Moses, following the dissolution of Isaac Moses & Sons. The deed lists the property owned by Isaac Moses at his death and includes mention of land on Long Island. Signed by Solomon Moses, his wife Rachel Gratz Moses, and witnessed by Benjamin Gratz and Reuben Etting. It also bears the signature of William Tilghman, Chief Justice of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.

A one-page letter dated November 30, 1846, written by Michael Lazarus from Charleston, South Carolina, to C. P. Relf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses cotton and rice market prices, offering bids and asks, and speculating on future cotton prices. The letter was written on the integral leaf of a stampless cover.

Shipping record documenting the transport of one case of silks from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on November 14, 1857, by L. I. Levy & Co. The verso notes that the shipment was transported by railroad. The document mentions L. J. Levy & Co's 1857 suspension and subsequent debt repayment.

Shipping record documenting the transport of five cases of silks from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on November 14, 1857, by L. I. Levy & Co. The verso notes that the goods were transported by railroad. The record also includes a note referencing the company's later financial recovery after suspending operations in 1857.

A business letter, spanning one and one-quarter pages, written by F. H. Woolf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Henry Tobias in New York City, New York on June 23, 1838. The letter details business transactions between the two correspondents.

A one-page business letter written by Samuel Etting of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Devol Dimay & Co. in Bristol, Rhode Island, dated November 12, 1856. Etting served as a Private in the War of 1812 and participated in the defense of Baltimore.

A one-page business letter written by A. J. Latz in St. Louis, Missouri, to Lazarus Mayer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on January 10, 1850. Latz explains his financial difficulties, heavy losses, and slow collections, stating his inability to continue business and assuring Mayer of his intentions to pay his creditors.

Four-page letter from Liz Eldman (?), a relative in Liverpool, England, to Mathilda Samuel Cohen in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated circa February 27, 1850. The letter contains detailed family information and is one of six letters written to Mrs. Henry Cohen from various relatives, providing insight into the family's daily life.

This catalog lists the paintings exhibited at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts on May 1, 1844. It notes Hyman Gratz as the Treasurer/Director of the Academy.

Business letter from the Philadelphia and Atlanta Wine and Liquor Co. in Atlanta, Georgia, to Moses Aaron Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated May 27, 1870. The letter concerns a suit that Dropsie declines to represent.

A commercial letter dated September 8, 1864, from Gustav Isaac of Stern, Jonas & Co., located at 176 and 178 Water Street in New York, New York, to Moses Dropsie in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses business matters, potentially related to the tobacco industry or law, as indicated by subject tags in the original record.

Billhead - M.L. Levy...Watches, Jewelery and Watch Material....14 John Street, room 3, New York, New York .....12/11/1872...part of a group of 9 invoices 1870-1874, each with major commercial detail...all made out to W. Hunt in Uniontown, PA. During this time span Mr. Levy is in three different locations.

Invoice from M. L. Levy, importer of watches, jewelry, and watch materials, located at No. 14 John Street, room 3, New York, New York. Dated June 13, 1873. The bill lists a variety of watch parts and materials purchased by W. Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, including gold and silver watch parts, chains, and other items, with corresponding quantities and prices. The billhead is simple and features handwritten details in a plain style.

Invoice from M. L. Levy, a dealer in watches, jewelry, and materials, located at 14 John Street, Room 3, New York City. Dated November 19, 1874, the bill is made out to W. Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The transaction lists an itemized purchase of materials, likely parts for watches or jewelry, such as pins, rings, and watch parts. The prices of each item are written out. The billhead is a handwritten document.

Invoice from M. L. Levy, importer of watches, jewelry, and watch materials located at No. 11 Maiden Lane, New York, New York, dated July 16, 1870. The invoice shows a list of purchases, including a variety of watch parts and materials, for a total of 117.40. The invoice was made out to W. Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and likely included in a group of nine invoices covering the period 1870-1874.

Invoice from M. L. Levy, a dealer in watches and jewelry, located at 14 John Street, room 3, New York, New York. The bill is dated December 16, 1873, and lists the purchase of various jewelry items, including a gold guard chain, ear rings, and a silver ring, by W. Hunt, of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The transaction includes a detailed breakdown of items and prices. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and clear details of the business address and transaction.

Billhead of M. L. Levy, a seller of watches, jewelry, and gold-plated chains, located at 14 John Street, Room 3, New York, New York. The bill is dated June 5, 1874, and is addressed to W. Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The transaction includes a list of items purchased, quantities, prices, and a total amount due at the bottom of the bill. The billhead displays the company name and address in elegant script.

Invoice from Levy, Dreyfus & Co., importers and manufacturers, located at No. 11 Maiden Lane, New York City. Dated June 29, 1883. The bill lists numerous items, including optical goods, such as lenses, and other items, including a “Stereoscope stamp” and a “Reg. Compass.” Sold to William Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The billhead is handwritten. The business was a prominent jeweler and importer of optical goods. The business’s address, the date, and the names of both the buyer and seller appear clearly on the billhead.

Billhead for Levy, Dreyfus & Co., importers and manufacturers located at No. 11 Maiden Lane, New York, New York. Dated October 27, 1883, this bill displays an itemized list of goods purchased by William Hunt, of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The bill lists a variety of goods including watch parts, eyeglasses, opera glasses, and “look keys”, indicating that the business sold various optical and watch-related items. The billhead notes that the business is the sole agent for Eureka Watch Dials, and a manufacturer of Imperial Spectacles and Eye Glasses.

An invoice from Levy, Dreyfus & Co. of New York, NY, dated March 17, 1884. The business was an importer and manufacturer of supplies for watchmakers, jewelers, engravers, and opticians. The bill is for a purchase made by William Hurst of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The bill lists 23 different items and their prices. It features a printed header with ornate lettering and decorative borders. The header also advertises the business's products, including optical instruments, mathematical instruments, crescent spectacles, eye glasses, and cresent opera glasses.

One-page, stampless letter written by Richea Gratz Hays to her daughter-in-law, Sarah A. Hays, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on July 26, 1839. The letter discusses family matters while Richea is visiting her ill sister in Baltimore, Maryland.

A letter dated July 6, 1852, from John Wagner to Mordecai & Co. in Charleston, South Carolina. The letter, which is a broadside with a cover from the M.C. Mordecai Co., discusses coal for their steamship Isabel bound for Cuba. The broadside also lists the signatures of agents of Mordecai & Co., including Moses Cohen Mordecai, J.R. Mordecai, Isaac Eger Hertz, and J.A. Enslow.

This trade card advertises H. S. & H. N. Goldenberg, described as "The Golden Eagle," the largest dry goods, millinery, and carpet house in Central Pennsylvania. The front of the card depicts children playfully constructing a house out of what appears to be building blocks or similar materials. This imagery likely symbolizes home-building and the provision of house furnishings. The style suggests a late 19th-century aesthetic. The back of the card is blank.

A two-and-a-half-page letter dated January 27-28, 1834, from Henry Hays in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Seth Low & Co. in New York City. Hays details his financial troubles, promising to repay debts and outlining a plan for settling his accounts with creditors. The letter reflects the business practices and financial anxieties of the time.

Printed receipt form documenting a payment by E. Pollock to the Mercantile Line for shipping a box from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to New York, New York on January 20, 1822. The receipt measures 7.25" x 2".

A one-page, stampless business letter written on May 1, 1849, from Alexander & Lowman of Cincinnati, Ohio, to Jacobs & Mayers (or Jacob & Meyer) Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter pertains to business dealings between the two firms.

A commercial letter written by Thalheimer & Hirsch, manufacturers of the Centennial Shirt, to Rhoades & Grosvenor on May 29, 1874. The letter, originating from 14 Bank Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, expresses dissatisfaction with received cloth. The letterhead features a patriotic design incorporating an eagle, the Signers of the Declaration of Independence, and a Star of David containing "C100", a registered trademark dating back to May 2, 1872. The letter measures approximately 12 x 8 1/2 inches.

Invoice from David Marks & Sons, located at 447 Broadway and 24 Mercer Street, New York, New York. Dated September 27, 1887, the bill lists an itemized list of items purchased, likely clothing, by Honig & Schutter, of Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The billhead includes a handwritten date and a detailed listing of the transaction, with handwritten checkmarks. The billhead has a printed header, ornate lettering, and a horseshoe logo. Decorative elements include a company name banner.

Trade card advertising M. Rosenblatt, a dealer in "Gents' Furnishing Goods," specializing in gloves and knit jackets. Located at 1304 N. Second Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The card features lithographic illustrations of men. Circa 1885.

Invoice from A. Sellner & Co., manufacturers of men's, boys', and children's pants. The business is located at 577 Broadway in New York, New York. Dated August 29, 1888. The bill lists a large number of items, likely pants or other clothing items, purchased by Honig & Schutter. The billhead also states that Sellner & Co. has moved to a new location: 5 & 7 East 4th Street, N.Y.

This trade card advertises B. Bloch & Co., a "One Price Clothing House" located at 174 Bridge Street in Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. The front of the card features a lively illustration of men playing cricket, suggesting a focus on athletic or leisure wear. The text clearly indicates the store's name, address, and a sales promotion: "car fare paid on $2.00 sales." The back of the card is blank.

Invoice from Hirshberg, Hollander & Co., painters and artists supplies, located at 195, 197, and 240 West Pratt Street, Baltimore, Maryland. Dated September 4, 1884. The bill lists the purchase of 200 pounds of Lewis Lead at a price of $11.70 by S. B. Brodbeck of Brodbecks, Pennsylvania. The billhead features an ornate Victorian-style header, displaying a company logo and an itemized list of the transaction. The billhead also lists a variety of products sold by the company, including brushes, glues, oils, glass, and varnishes.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-7/8" x 9-3/4", written in German and English, from Isaac Wolf in Fort Wayne, Indiana to Jacobs, Mayers & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on April 29, 1847. The letter discusses business matters, mentions other Jewish individuals, and includes a Fort Wayne, Indiana cds postmark. A small area of paper loss is present on the address panel.

Invoice for goods purchased from Hammerslough Bros., manufacturers and jobbers of men's and youths' clothing. Located at 478-480 and 482 Broadway and 435 Broome Street in New York City. Dated April 24, 1886. The bill is addressed to Honig & Schutter in Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The bill lists several items, including linen vests, duck vests, and some unnamed items. The billhead displays a handwritten header with an address and ornate lettering. The invoice features handwritten calculations, an itemized list, and a small check mark at the bottom.

Bill of exchange for $444, written in Charleston, South Carolina on August 9, 1793, payable to Abraham Sasportas from Edmond Charles Genet, French Ambassador to the United States. The bill is endorsed on the verso by Abraham Sasportas. This document is a significant piece of Judaica Americana, highlighting the commercial activities of Abraham Sasportas, a prominent Jewish merchant in Charleston known for his trade with France and his later dealings with James Madison regarding British privateering.

One-page business letter written on the letterhead of Nathan Levi & Co., located at the corner of Mill and Market Streets in Rochester, New York. Dated September 10, 1877, the letter was sent to C. G. Sigood in Wellsboro, Pennsylvania. The letterhead indicates that Nathan Levi & Co. were dealers in clothing, engaged in manufacturing and wholesale business. Additional names, Levi, Nathan | Lichtenstein, Rudoph | Rothschild, Bernard, are listed on the letter.

A letter dated July 25, 1843, from Secku Meylert in Montrose, Pennsylvania, to John M. Read in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter includes a copy of a letter Meylert received from Christian Kunckel regarding a rejected business proposition and a proposed meeting in Wilkes Barre to settle the dispute. Meylert also updates Read on his travel plans.

This book contains two speeches by Hon. Edward Joy Morris. The first, delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States on April 24, 1844, defends the Tariff of 1842 and its protective policies. The second speech, originally delivered before the Pennsylvania Legislature on March 4, 1842, advocates for American industry and protective duties. The 1842 speech is reprinted here with an introduction urging voters to support Morris, the Democratic Whig Tariff candidate in the 1846 election against Lewis C. Levin of the American Party (Levin won).

A one-page letter, approximately 8" x 9-7/8", dated October 17, 1831, from Simeon Dreyfous in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Joseph L. Tillinghast in Providence, Rhode Island. Dreyfous discusses a legal issue involving Hyman M. Hart, suggesting that Hart's deposition be taken in New Orleans due to his impending departure.

Billhead from S. Dessau, an importer of diamonds, carbon, bortz, and precious stones. The billhead is dated April 24, 1883 and was sent to William Hunt of Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The bill details a single transaction involving the purchase of a stone from S. Dessau by William Hunt. The billhead features a printed header with the business name and address, along with the company's terms of payment. The text has ornate Victorian-style lettering and is framed within a header section.

This is an eight-page congressional report from January 11, 1796, detailing the petitions of several importers, including Moses Myers, seeking remission of duties. The report, prepared by the U.S. House Committee on Commerce and Manufactures, was presented to the House and referred to a committee of the whole. The document quotes Moses Myers regarding his business activities in Norfolk, Virginia. Printed by Francis Childs in Philadelphia.

One-page, stampless letter concerning legal matters from Joseph Jacobs of the firm Jacob Levi & Jacobs in New York City to Henry Myer Phillips in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated March 6, 1855.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-1/2" x 9-3/4", dated October 8, 1848, from E. Waitzfelder & Co. in Milledgeville, Georgia to Jacob Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details a complaint about a shortage of goods in a recent shipment and requests a credit adjustment.

A one-page letter, approximately 7-1/2" x 9-3/4", dated October 8, 1848, from Jacob Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Josiah W. Smith in Clearfield, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses the disposition of land holdings, including those of Jacob and Benjamin Gratz and the estate of Robert Morris.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of wine from T. I. Tobias in New York to Jas. I. Poole in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on June 17, 1835. Printed by Solomon H. Jackson at 163 Chatham Street, Philadelphia.

Two letters, dated August 11 and 20, 1857, from Joseph B. Nones to George B. Youngman in Sunbury, Pennsylvania, concerning a land purchase made by Nones' brother Jefferson in 1831. The first letter initiates the inquiry, and the second is Youngman's reply.

Shipping record detailing the shipment of numerous stationary items from Liverpool, England to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, between June 17 and August 19, 1857. The record indicates that Henry Cohen & Co. were the shippers, and John Fisher the recipient. The document also notes Levison as attorney for the Cohen family.

A letter dated June 4, 1847, from Solomon L. Jacobs in New Orleans, Louisiana, to Jacobs, Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter is written in German and features a "NEW ORLEANS/La." postmark and a "10" rate handstamp. The letter is folded and unstamped.

One-page letter written in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on March 7, 1848, from Moses Geisenberger to Philip Weitsel in Bedford Springs, Pennsylvania. Geisenberger encloses payment for a barrel of Bedford spring water and promises further explanation in person the following summer. The letter includes a "LANCASTER/Pa." cds postmark and a blue "5" rate handstamp.

Autograph letter signed by Marx Edgeworth Lazarus (1822-1896), written in Baltimore, Maryland on December 1, 1847, to Dr. Charles Willing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The four-page letter discusses Lazarus's experiences as the first Jewish student at Georgetown University, his involvement in a farm school and utopian socialist commune in Maryland, and his thoughts on religion and society. It also mentions his friends Truxton and Edward Beale, with details about Edward's exploits in the Mexican-American War in California.

A letter dated December 10, 1817, from Samuel Pettigrew in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to Caleb Taylor, a druggist in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Pettigrew orders various drugs and encloses $200, utilizing a method to protect the money from theft during transit. The letter provides insight into the commercial transactions and security practices of the time.

A business letter dated September 1851, written by Felix Kahn in Nashville, Tennessee, to L. Mayer & Co. in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter details an order for dry goods, including ginghams, tablecloths, spoons, razors, handkerchiefs, and stockings. Kahn requests prompt shipment and specifies the desired assortment and pricing. The letter provides insights into commercial transactions and the dry goods trade in the mid-19th century United States.

Engraved map of Aaronsburg, Pennsylvania, published in New York by E. Low in 1810. The map depicts Aaronsburg, founded in 1786 by Aaron Levy, the first town in Pennsylvania planned and named after a Jewish settler. The map also includes details about the town's layout, its planned streets, and its location in Centre County, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter from Jacob Rodrigues Peynado of Hackney, London, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 15, 1849. Peynado, a contributor to *The Occident*, discusses the pedagogical error of forbidding children from reading the New Testament, arguing that it leaves Jewish youth unprepared to defend their faith against Christian inquiries. He proposes that Jews should instead teach the New Testament critically.

Four-page letter from Rabbi Julius Lewin of B'nai Zion Congregation in Shreveport, Louisiana, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated August 7, 1866. The letter discusses conversion policy and congregational matters.

A 2 1/2 page stampless letter dated April 12, 1854, from Moses Angel, Head Master of the Jewish Free School in London, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. Angel inquires whether Leeser can provide a certificate of circumcision for Isaac John Crawcour, born January 9, 1835, and circumcised February 8, 1835, in Philadelphia.

A one-page letter written by David Carvalho from New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on December 5, 1850. The letter concerns prayer books ordered from Leeser. Carvalho identifies himself as the brother of S. N. Carvalho.

Autograph letter signed from Isaac Mayer Wise to Isaac Leeser, dated April 15, 1850. Written in English and Hebrew, the letter discusses a congregational dispute, Wise's support from his Albany congregation, and an article in the New York Herald about the Damascus Blood Libel. The letter includes an integral address panel. Folio.

Autograph letter signed from Jacob Ezekiel to Isaac Leeser, written in English on May 9, 1853. The letter discusses the plight of Chinese Jews and proposes ways American Jews can offer support, both spiritually and financially. The letter references articles in *The Occident* and suggests sending emissaries to China to teach Hebrew. Three pages, with an autograph address panel. Written in Richmond, Virginia, and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on April 7, 1836, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses Rehine's illness, mentions a Mr. Black's positive impression of Leeser, and includes a separate handwritten list of clothing items on the verso.

Autograph letter signed from Zalma Rehine to Isaac Leeser, written in English on August 2, 1839, from Baltimore, Maryland. The letter discusses mutual friends, health, and Leeser's religious discourses. Rehine mentions 'Miss Etting's' admiration of Leeser's work.

Handwritten letter from Moses Waterman in San Francisco, California to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated November 9, 1865. The letter discusses payment for Machzorim and an advertisement in the Occident regarding the death of Joseph Mayer of Congregation Ohabai Shalome.

Letter written by S. J. Spiegelberg to Isaac Leeser from Santa Fe, New Mexico on May 1, 1853. Spiegelberg describes his efforts to obtain subscribers for the Occident and American Jewish Advocate in Santa Fe, noting the small number of Jewish people in the territory.

A three-page handwritten letter from H. A. Henry in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, dated June 20, 1865. Written in English with some Hebrew words, the letter discusses book orders, settling accounts, the impact of Civil War food prices and high taxes on Henry's income, and current events in San Francisco, including the progress of Orthodox German Jews who separated from the Reform movement and the dwindling attendance at Reform Friday evening services. The letter also mentions Mr. Koshland of San Francisco, a Mr. Myers, and Rev. Mr. Isaac of New York. A few lines of text are missing.

Handwritten letter dated February 1, 1866, from Regensburger & Stern in San Francisco to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia. The letter cancels their subscription to the *Occident and American Jewish Advocate* due to the death of H. Regensburger in a steamboat explosion in October 1865. The signature of the writer is illegible.

Two-page letter from C. B. Fibleman of Chattanooga, Tennessee, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated October 23, 1866. The letter is an invitation from the Chattanooga Hebrew Benevolent Association to Leeser, listing all the association's officers and emphasizing the hospitality of the Chattanooga Jewish community.

A one-page letter in German from Isidor Bush to Isaac Leeser, dated June 15, 1849. Bush discusses his withdrawal from publishing *Israel's Herald*, a short-lived Jewish weekly, in favor of Leeser's publications and inquires about collaborating on a Hebrew catalogue and acquiring German type for printing. The letter reflects the close relationship between key figures in the development of American Jewish publishing in the 19th century.

A one-page letter written by J. Phillips of New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia on May 11, 1842. Phillips discusses opening a boarding house for Jewish individuals and inquires about Leeser's niece, Rachel Pesoa.

One-and-one-eighth page letter from Rabbi S. M. Isaacs to Isaac Leeser, written circa 1850. The letter discusses concerns about the non-publication of an article by Mark Jacobs and Isaacs' refusal to allow Leeser to publish one of his sermons. The letter was written from New York City and addressed to Leeser in Philadelphia.

A one and a half page letter written in German from W. Frohlichstein, Secretary of Congregation Dorshey Zedek in Mobile, Alabama, to Isaac Leeser on February 3, 1856. The letter transmits the minutes of the congregation's meeting, lists elected officers, and details the presentation of gifts to Rev. J. Epstein. The letter provides insight into the early history of the congregation and its relationship with the broader Jewish community.

A one-page letter from Mendes Kursheedt to Isaac Leeser dated May 1, 1854, concerning the $3,000 bequest from Judah Touro for charitable distribution. The letter was written in New Orleans, Louisiana and discusses the largest bequest to Jewish causes at that time, facilitated by the Kursheedt brothers with Leeser's guidance.

A one-page letter from S. M. Isaac in New York City to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, dated April 10, 1848 (Hebrew year 5609). The letter requests further details for Attorney Mr. Morrison regarding Leeser's litigation against Mr. Solomon. The letter includes some Hebrew text.

Two-page letter from Reverend Henry S. Jacobs in Charleston, South Carolina, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, dated January 11, 1860. Jacobs discusses the proceedings of the newly inaugurated Hebrew Orphan Asylum in Charleston and a disagreement at a convention. He also mentions collecting $500 for distressed brethren.

A one and one-quarter page letter written by Lewis Samuel of Liverpool, England, to Isaac Leeser in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on September 9, 1852. Samuel responds positively to a prospectus for Leeser's Bible translation, orders copies, and offers publishing suggestions. He also expresses his views on congregants deemed unworthy of religious roles.

This collection comprises nineteen documents related to Ahaveth Sholem Lodge No. 160 of the Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, located in Corry, Pennsylvania. The documents date from 1871 to 1893 and include reports, financial records, administrative records, letters, and a membership certificate book. The materials detail the lodge's founding and early years, providing insights into its activities and membership. One item of note is a ceremonial leather apron bearing the lodge's insignia. The collection offers a glimpse into the history of this fraternal organization in Corry, Pennsylvania, a town situated northeast of Erie, Pennsylvania, near the New York state border.

Trade card advertising D. Armstrong & Co., purveyors of ladies' fine shoes. The card indicates A. B. Weil as the sole agent for Wilkes-Barre, PA. Circa 1885.

This collection comprises 39 miscellaneous commercial documents related to Mayer Sulzberger's European trip in 1880. The materials include billheads, letters, receipts, and telegrams from various hotels, businesses, and individuals in France, Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and England. The documents provide insights into Sulzberger's travel itinerary, expenses, and business contacts during his journey. Dates range from 1880 to 1882. Specific locations include Paris, Munich, Philadelphia, Liverpool, Stuttgart, and London, among others.

A signed letter from Isaac Mayer Wise to Isaac Leeser, dated circa 1850, written from Albany, New York, and addressed to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter discusses Wise's inability to collect money for *The Occident*.

Letter written by Robert Blair to William Blair on July 23, 1855, from Cincinnati, Ohio. The letter describes Cincinnati's diverse population, including significant numbers of Irish Catholics and Jews, and discusses local politics and social dynamics during that period. It also mentions the Fourth of July celebrations and the tensions between different religious groups.

Concert program for a series of pianoforte concerts by Josef Hofmann, featuring an image of the pianist at his instrument. The program was produced by Messrs. Abbey, Schoeffel & Grau and advertised Weber pianos. The program was distributed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and New York, New York between 1887 and 1889.

Three promissory notes issued by J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. on June 19, 1875, in Cincinnati, Ohio. Each note is due one month apart. Part of a larger archive documenting a legal dispute over a billiard table purchase.

A set of six promissory notes issued by the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. on February 11, 1879. Each note is due one month after the previous, and features an illustration of a billiard table. These notes are part of a larger archive documenting a legally contested purchase of a billiard table.

A letter from the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to their attorney, Jonathan S. Ferguson, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, dated February 6, 1879. The letter concerns a legal dispute regarding a billiard table purchase and lists Moses Bensinger as a principal. This letter is part of a larger archive documenting a legal contest over a billiard table purchase from 1875-1879. The archive contains letters, shipping documents, and promissory notes.

A letter from the J. M. Brunswick & Balke Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio, to their attorney, Jno. S. Ferguson, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, dated February 22, 1879. The letter concerns a legal dispute regarding a billiard table purchase, mentioning Moses Bensinger as a principal. This letter is part of a larger archive documenting a legally contested purchase of a billiard table from the Brunswick & Balke Company between 1875 and 1879. The archive also includes other forms and letters detailing the financial dispute.

A one-page letter written by Moses Michael Hays in New York City to Michael Gratz in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on December 12, 1768. Hays discusses the dispatch of a vessel to Georgia, plans to remit bills of credit, and complains about the irregular postal service. The letter includes a New York postmark and bishop's mark on the verso.

Autograph letter signed from Moses Michael Hays to Michael Gratz, dated June 1769. Hays congratulates Gratz on his marriage. The letter includes an integral address leaf with a New York postmark and a bishop's mark. Written on one page, 4to. The letter reflects the business relationship between Hays and Gratz and provides insight into their personal lives.

Autograph document signed by Moses Michael Hays and Myer Polock, written to Michael Gratz on September 13, 1768. The letter details losses to be recovered in Amsterdam on insurance ordered by Isaac Elizer, providing an accounting of insurance payments for numerous losses in pounds and guilders. The two-page letter includes an autograph address panel with a New York postmark and bishop's mark. This letter exemplifies cross-Atlantic insurance interactions.

Autograph letter signed by Solomon Etting to Hyman Gratz, dated March 31, 1825, from Baltimore, Maryland. Etting discusses the disbursement of funds intended for Solomon De Castro's passage to Curaçao. He details De Castro's change of plans and ultimate receipt of a smaller sum for passage to Virginia. The letter also includes a Passover greeting. Two pages. Autograph address panel on integral blank.

Memorandum from Ferdinand Levy, Coroner's Office of New York, to George Raudorf, Esq., concerning detained baggage belonging to Raudorf's client. Levy suggests seeking assistance from the Association of Jewish Immigrants. The letter includes a reference to a letter from General O'Brine and an oath to be made by Benjamin Chercasky. Dated June 23, 1890.

Letter dated May 24, 1890, from Ferdinand Levy, Deputy Collector at the New York City Custom House, to George Randorf in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The letter concerns baggage belonging to Benjamin Chercosky, detained in the Empire Warehouse Company's General Orders Stores after his arrival from Brazil on April 15th aboard the S.S. Advance. The letter is written on official letterhead.

Ticket #5403 from the Conestoga Bridge Lottery, held in 1761 in Pennsylvania. The ticket bears the signature of Joseph Simon. The verso is blank.